Compendium: Complex systems, sociotechnical, system safety

This mini-compendium covers some areas of systems thinking and complex adaptive systems, mostly with a focus on safety and risk.

There are so many threads in the systems fields: systems thinking, systems engineering, systems safety, complexity, chaos, complex adaptive systems, cybernetics, variations thereof and more.

Hence, I can’t cover them all, so it’s a highly cherrypicked and selective pick of articles. I’ve omitted more than I’ve included (e.g. not much on natural sciences, ecological approaches etc). Main focus is articles I could find a full-text link for.

Note: I’ve only included a few articles from Nancy Leveson as I have a compendium dedicated to her work.

Maybe in the future I’ll break this topic into sub-themes for separate compendiums.

Included are:

·        Dave Snowden & Cynefin

·        Paul Salmon & team

·        Russel Ackoff

·        Some Dekker, Hollnagel, Cook, Woods, JCS and cognitive systems (only a little as I’ve covered their work in other compendiums)

·        A little cybernetics

·        Systems HF/E

·        Michael Jackson

·        Donella Meadows

·        Don Norman + more

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is buy-me-a-coffee-3.png

Shout me a coffee

https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/26043/1/1004042.pdf
https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/102747/esd-wp-2003-01.19.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/108102/Leveson_Applying%20systems.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b2107d4823fa8b3eb83ecc8db006e8aecfe2994a

https://doi.org/10.1145/7474.7528

https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC123629

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7556/jaoa.2019.053/pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2021.100017

https://cdn.cognitive-edge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2005/01/02060304/51-Browning-Boudes-on-Weick-and-Snowden.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1057/jors.2015.21

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/301343649.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/download/87416329/ff23f201e8962d74bd2373c534a237287baf.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar089

https://josiahdykstra.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Acting_in_the_Unknown.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/download/47478984/j.ssci.2011.01.00820160724-9069-1xuzm74.pdf
https://portal.research.lu.se/files/1427368/3014843.pdf
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/3912661/4762079.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/download/69943116/Fulltext.pdf
https://sidneydekker.stackedsite.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/899/2014/10/DekkerTIES2014.pdf
https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/conferencePaper/Pathways-to-failure-Using-work-domain/99448933002621?repId=12126072350002621&mId=13126982210002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/53/9/560.full.pdf
https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Many-model-thinking-in-systems-ergonomics/99451342902621?repId=12126814160002621&mId=13130046570002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://hf-sts.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/notassimpleties_preprint-1.pdf
https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Applying-cognitive-work-analysis-to-the/99450378802621?repId=12126485220002621&mId=13126851980002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://acrs.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Complexity-in-road-transport.pdf
https://publications.ergonomics.org.uk/uploads/From-systems-ergonomics-to-global-ergonomics-the-world-as-a-socio-ecological-technical-system.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Clare-Dallat/publication/320222173_Identifying_risks_and_emergent_risks_across_sociotechnical_systems_the_NETworked_hazard_analysis_and_risk_management_system_NET-HARMS/links/59da588a458515a5bc2b4191/Identifying-risks-and-emergent-risks-across-sociotechnical-systems-the-NETworked-hazard-analysis-and-risk-management-system-NET-HARMS.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105207

https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/What-went-right-An-analysis-of/99451115002621?repId=12126750250002621&mId=13127246780002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Systems-thinking-applied-to-safety-during/99449098802621?repId=12126056000002621&mId=13130067210002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://uploadsproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/accepted-version-developing-a-contributing-factor-classification-scheme.pdf

https://researchportal.hw.ac.uk/files/9966842/XX_Fitting_methods_to_paradigms_author_proof_.doc

https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Applying-AcciMap-to-test-the-common/99451327802621?repId=12126810430002621&mId=13161868930002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://www.academia.edu/download/88541509/50192.pdf
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=cb0852b5ec797df8db2ad0ba107081554876d463

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/2/92/pdf

https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Complexity-theory-in-accident-causation-Using/99498107702621?repId=12135018030002621&mId=13153284040002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://eprints.qut.edu.au/227428/1/45001_systems_thinking_accepted_version.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Raed-Jaradat/publication/276204277_Complex_system_requires_systems_thinking-_how_to_find_systems_thinkers/links/555219cb08ae6943a86d6c89/Complex-system-requires-systems-thinking-how-to-find-systems-thinkers.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carl-Rollenhagen/publication/258922140_Does_the_concept_of_safety_culture_help_or_hinder_systems_thinking_in_safety/links/5a5353e20f7e9bbc10569867/Does-the-concept-of-safety-culture-help-or-hinder-systems-thinking-in-safety.pdf
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-02290981/file/Vautier2018_Article_BenefitsOfSystemsThinkingForAH.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00140139.2014.1001445

https://bmjopenquality.bmj.com/content/bmjqir/9/1/e000714.full.pdf
https://eprints.qut.edu.au/199885/1/OHSMS_paper_accepted.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Toivo-Niskanen/publication/282445927_A_systems_thinking_approach_of_occupational_safety_and_health_applied_in_the_micro-_meso-_and_macro-levels_A_Finnish_survey/links/57c9327a08ae9d640484730e/A-systems-thinking-approach-of-occupational-safety-and-health-applied-in-the-micro-meso-and-macro-levels-A-Finnish-survey.pdf
https://isfcolombia.uniandes.edu.co/images/2020-intersemestral/23_de_junio/ackoff1993.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/download/35276187/Ackoff1967.pdf
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a4a10853cba14e03c367bde099c2ef893b94a57e#page=71
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/292806531_The_Nature_of_’Soft’_Systems_Thinking_The_Work_of_Churchman_Ackoff_and_Checkland/links/5c585f23458515a4c757e2ff/The-Nature-of-Soft-Systems-Thinking-The-Work-of-Churchman-Ackoff-and-Checkland.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/239061556_Beyond_a_System_of_Systems_Methodologies/links/5c7d774e92851c695054bd7e/Beyond-a-System-of-Systems-Methodologies.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/229609038_Creative_Holism_A_Critical_Systems_Approach_to_Complex_Problem_Situations/links/5a4e43ccaca2729b7c8e8e07/Creative-Holism-A-Critical-Systems-Approach-to-Complex-Problem-Situations.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/330840396_Modernism_Post-Modernism_and_Contemporary_Systems_Thinking/links/5c769fa2458515831f7543ff/Modernism-Post-Modernism-and-Contemporary-Systems-Thinking.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/226798888_The_Origins_and_Nature_of_Critical_Systems_Thinking/links/5c7d778892851c695054bd85/The-Origins-and-Nature-of-Critical-Systems-Thinking.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%3D
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/220636676_Fifty_Years_of_Systems_Thinking_for_Management/links/5c7556db458515831f72851e/Fifty-Years-of-Systems-Thinking-for-Management.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/364169364_Rebooting_the_systems_approach_by_applying_the_thinking_of_Bogdanov_and_the_pragmatists/links/634162d29cb4fe44f31199aa/Rebooting-the-systems-approach-by-applying-the-thinking-of-Bogdanov-and-the-pragmatists.pdf

http://jacksonworkbench.com/resources/A%20System%20Development%20Method%20(MJ%201981).pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Jackson-37/publication/226077715_The_Soul_of_the_Viable_System_Model/links/5c7d77ef299bf1268d390c76/The-Soul-of-the-Viable-System-Model.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Woods-19/publication/243775709_Explorations_in_joint_human-machine_cognitive_systems/links/56780da608aebcdda0ebb027/Explorations-in-joint-human-machine-cognitive-systems.pdf
https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/158016663/SAFESCI.PDF
https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/55672721/ris_m_2293.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10803548.1999.11076420

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/12/5164

https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105869

https://www.ida.liu.se/~769A22/Seminarier/articles/incidents_safety_culture.pdf
https://theisrm.org/public-library/Systems%20Thinking%20_%20Culture%20of%20Reliability%20and%20Safety.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105621

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106754

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ji-Ge/publication/357141542_A_new_accident_causation_theory_based_on_systems_thinking_and_its_systemic_accident_analysis_method_of_work_systems/links/61be9f46fd2cbd7200ae9ddd/A-new-accident-causation-theory-based-on-systems-thinking-and-its-systemic-accident-analysis-method-of-work-systems.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.11.004

https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/aviation/article/download/9589/7304

https://doi.org/10.3390/safety5040065

https://www.academia.edu/download/106848501/10648046070150020820231023-1-cbasjm.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/download/31737387/role-of-cse-in-se.pdf
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=492293adacd9d603762af5c96907014b3dde724b
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tarcisio-Saurin/publication/223599799_An_analysis_of_construction_safety_best_practices_from_a_cognitive_systems_engineering_perspective/links/5f70f956a6fdcc0086433e09/An-analysis-of-construction-safety-best-practices-from-a-cognitive-systems-engineering-perspective.pdf
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-02290981/file/Vautier2018_Article_BenefitsOfSystemsThinkingForAH.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Avi-Harel-2/publication/338807153_System_Thinking_Begins_with_Human_Factors_Challenges_for_the_4th_Industrial_Revolution/links/60c22a2592851ca6f8db22ce/System-Thinking-Begins-with-Human-Factors-Challenges-for-the-4th-Industrial-Revolution.pdf
https://vetmedbiosci.colostate.edu/tmi/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2024/12/cathcart-et-al-2024-a-human-factors-and-systems-thinking-approach-to-veterinary-patient-safety-education-why-what-and.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100031

https://doi.org/10.1097/CEH.0000000000000098

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cahyono-St/publication/361885118_Handbook_of_human_factors_and_ergonomics_fourth_edition/links/62ca4ecc00d0b4511046af45/Handbook-of-human-factors-and-ergonomics-fourth-edition.pdf#page=55

https://acrs.org.au/files/papers/arsc/2017/Read_00098_FP.pdf
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5F6007DF516AB550A0C549D63077D275/S2732527X24000270a.pdf/human-in-the-loop-revolutionizing-industry-50-with-design-thinking-and-systems-thinking.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339390048_Design_Thinking_vs_Systems_Thinking_for_Engineering_Design_What’s_the_Difference

https://hau.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/id/eprint/17432/1/Rounaq%20Nayak%20human%20factors%20%20upload.pdf
https://inpact-psychologyconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/202401P095.pdf
https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/432439/1/What_do_applications_of_system_thinking_analysis_methods_tell_us_about_accident_causation_SAFETY_SCIENCE_2019.pdf
https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Complexity-theory-in-accident-causation-Using/99498107702621?repId=12135018030002621&mId=13153284040002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Systems_thinking_the_Swiss_Cheese_Model_and_accident_analysis_a_comparative_systemic_analysis_of_the_Grayrigg_train_derailment_using_the_ATSB_AcciMap_and_STAMP_models/9346547/1/files/16955600.pdf

http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/75696/1/530.pdf#page=203

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=4983172

http://www.ask-force.org/web/Discourse/White-Application-Systems-Thinking-1995.pdf

https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071978

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.599

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106237

https://eprints.qut.edu.au/199885/1/OHSMS_paper_accepted.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106856

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107222

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.108077

https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/files/17969450/Manuscript_accepted.pdf
https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=aviation_pub

https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings60th/article/download/2857/955

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ross-Arnold/publication/319407046_A_Complete_Set_of_Systems_Thinking_Skills/links/59ee03934585154350e7fc77/A-Complete-Set-of-Systems-Thinking-Skills.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zahid-Qureshi-3/publication/27256803_A_Review_of_Accident_Modelling_Approaches_for_Complex_Critical_Sociotechnical_Systems/links/546d60740cf26e95bc3cb1b6/A-Review-of-Accident-Modelling-Approaches-for-Complex-Critical-Sociotechnical-Systems.pdf

https://hal.science/hal-01617044/document

https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA0038223X_2990

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:685825/FULLTEXT01.pdf
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13437-018-0159-y.pdf

https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00537770/document

https://hal.science/hal-00524485/document

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00140139.2015.1009175

https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7070090

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3233/WOR-172500

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106176

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6650057

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/hfm.20874

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00140139.2015.1015622

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1840230

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00140139.2015.1015621

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.224

https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/407898/1/Beyond_human_error_taxonomies_in_assessment_of_risk_in_sociotechnical_systems.docx

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=78e3b668831eaf7b24414ebc23ca0f0a9dc673f2
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10015-020-00598-3.pdf
https://pure.hw.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/9944513/Download_pdf.pdf

https://dumit.net/wp-content/uploads/2004/12/Burri_Dumit-2007-Biomedicine-as-culture.pdf#page=132

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Riccardo-Patriarca/publication/326799034_Resilience_Engineering_for_socio-technical_risk_analysis_application_in_neuro-surgery/links/5b718c7ba6fdcc87df743808/Resilience-Engineering-for-socio-technical-risk-analysis-application-in-neuro-surgery.pdf
https://www.humanfactors.lth.se/fileadmin/lusa/Sidney_Dekker/articles/2004/New_Accident_Models2.pdf
https://hau.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/id/eprint/17809/1/Nicky%20Randall%20sociotechnical%20MS%20UPLOAD.OCR.pdf

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/5869

https://uphf.hal.science/hal-03384711/file/IFAC%20HMS%202013%20Ruault%20et%20al.pdf
https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/A_systemic_analysis_of_South_Korea_Sewol_ferry_accident_striking_a_balance_between_learning_and_accountability/9349277/1/files/16958363.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00140130903521587

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea-Cassano-Piche/publication/238690552_A_Sociotechnical_Systems_Analysis_of_the_Bse_Epidemic_in_the_Uk_Through_Case_Study/links/553f9b1c0cf2736761c03078/A-Sociotechnical-Systems-Analysis-of-the-Bse-Epidemic-in-the-Uk-Through-Case-Study.pdf
https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2019/26/matecconf_jcmme2018_02019.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tarcisio-Saurin/publication/273523161_Complex_socio-technical_systems_Characterization_and_management_guidelines/links/60ad7479a6fdcc647edb4a88/Complex-socio-technical-systems-Characterization-and-management-guidelines.pdf?trk=public_post_comment-text

https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Remixing-Rasmussen-The-evolution-of-Accimaps/99450560102621?repId=12126554870002621&mId=13126883200002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://functionalresonance.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/De-Vries-2017.pdf
https://skoge.folk.ntnu.no/prost/proceedings/ifac2008/data/papers/2413.pdf

http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/33007/1/62.Woo%20Bang%20Lee.pdf#page=42

https://www.academia.edu/26986306/Formal_socio_technical_barrier_modelling_for_safety_critical_interactive_systems_design

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1071181319631538

https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201620853201142.pdf

http://www.labest.eng.ufba.br/sites/labest.eng.ufba.br/files/SAFETY%20SCIENCE.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Patrick-Waterson/publication/236023374_A_critical_review_of_the_STAMP_FRAM_and_Accimap_systemic_accident_analysis_models/links/5696572608ae1c42790399a1/A-critical-review-of-the-STAMP-FRAM-and-Accimap-systemic-accident-analysis-models.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791117303657

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105930

https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1474989/1/FRAM%20PositiveResonance%20PrePrint.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104556

https://research.usc.edu.au/esploro/fulltext/journalArticle/Designing-sociotechnical-systems-with-cognitive-work/99447769602621?repId=12125966380002621&mId=13133760240002621&institution=61USC_INST
https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/1386351/3/Saurin_A-taxonomy_2020.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony-Carden/publication/315437461_Sociotechnical_systems_as_a_framework_for_regulatory_system_design_and_evaluation_Using_Work_Domain_Analysis_to_examine_a_new_regulatory_system/links/6642c7e306ea3d0b7466d425/Sociotechnical-systems-as-a-framework-for-regulatory-system-design-and-evaluation-Using-Work-Domain-Analysis-to-examine-a-new-regulatory-system.pdf
https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Systemic_accident_analysis_examining_the_gap_between_research_and_practice/9349103/1/files/16958195.pdf
https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/1679216/1/Patriarca_Resilience_2021.pdf

http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/33007/1/62.Woo%20Bang%20Lee.pdf#page=26

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8cf4dd2fe3d68905598b2b2b7cd25ee109626d18

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00140139.2021.2005823

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236093467_Systemic_accident_analysis_Examining_the_gap_between_research_and_practice

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.487

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Riccardo-Patriarca/publication/335588457_A_socio-technical_analysis_of_functional_properties_in_a_joint_cognitive_system_a_case_study_in_an_aircraft_cockpit/links/5d74b0b492851cacdb2944d7/A-socio-technical-analysis-of-functional-properties-in-a-joint-cognitive-system-a-case-study-in-an-aircraft-cockpit.pdf
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6086fb0cbf366f6273c435e5/t/66823ad875cca81ba10f0696/1719810776693/Research_Agenda_Sociotechnical_AI_Safety.pdf

https://www.academia.edu/47390212/Applying_the_AcciMap_Methodology_to_Investigate_a_Major_Accident_in_Offshore_Drilling_A_Systematic_Risk_Management_Framework_for_Oil_and_Gas_Industry

https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Beyond_ConCA_Rethinking_causality_and_construction_accidents/9348989/files/16958081.pdf

http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/75696/1/530.pdf#page=203

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